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Difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are the types of the endocytosis. The main difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis is state (liquid or solid) of the molecule pass through the cells.

Definition of pinocytosis and phagocytosis:

when the solid molecule transfer to the outside to the inside it is known as the Pinocytosis.

when the solid particle transfer form the outside to the inside it is known as the Phagocytosis.

Difference between pinocytosis and Phagocytosis:

	Pinocytosis	Phagocytosis
Definition	Pinocytosis is cellular process in which fluid/Liquid along with dissolved molecules transport from outside cell (from extracellular fluid) to inside the cell (Intra cellular fluid) .	Phagocytosis is cellular process in which solid particle /molecule along with dissolved molecule transport from outside cell (from extracellular fluid) to inside cell(Intra cellular fluid).
Known as	Pinocytosis is known as the cell drinking	Phagocytosis known as the cell eating
Selectivity	Pinocytosis is not molecule specific process.	Phagocytosis is the molecule specific process
Lysosome requirement	Lysosome enzyme is not require to take place the pinocytosis	Lysosome enzyme is require to take place the phagocytosis.
Vesicle form	The vesicular form in the pinocytosis is known as the pinosomes.	The vesicular form in the phagocytosis is known as the phagocytosis.
Vesicle	The size of the vesicles form is smaller than the vesicle form in phagocytosis	The size of the vesicles form is larger than the vesicle form in pinocytosis.
Materials transferred	Dissolved amino acid, ions, hormones and enzymes	Foreign particles enter in our body, bacteria and virus
Example	Pinocytosis generally take place into the secretory cells	Phagocytosis is mostly happened in white bloods cells as immune system.

Similarities between pinocytosis and phagocytosis:

· Pinocytosis and phagocytosis both are the active transport, require the energy to transfer the molecule from out side to inside the cell.

· Pinocytosis and the phagocytosis is the types of the endocytosis

Vesicular transport

Difference between endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis and exocytosis are the phenomenon happen at cellular level in living organism.

The main difference between Endocytosis and exocytosis the direction of the movement. In endocytosis process the material or smaller cell pass outer side of the cell to the inner side of the cells. While in exocytosis the material or smaller cell pass through the inner side to the outer side of the cell.

Definition of Endocytosis:

Endocytosis is the process in which cells engulf the material or micro cells from the outside of the cell with the plasma membrane and release the material within the cell.

Example of Endocytosis:

In protozoa amoeba

Definition of Exocytosis:

Exocytosis is the process in which the vesicles attached with the plasma membrane and the release the material outer side of the cells from inside.

Example of Exocytosis:

Hormone release in our body.

Difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis:

	Endocytosis	Exocytosis
Definition	Endocytosis is process where the particle or molecule transport to inside the cell form the outside the cells.	Exocytosis is the process where the particle or the molecule. transport to outside the cell to inside the cell.
Types	Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor mediated	Regulated exocytosis Consecutive exocytosis
Function	As immune /Defense system of the body For intake of nutrition.	Release the neurotransmitters into the body.
Energy requirement	Endocytosis require less energy than the Exocytosis	Exocytosis require more energy than the endocytosis
Vesicle	The vesicle form is known as the phagosome or pinosome.	The vesicle form is known as the Secretory vesicle
Example	· Absorption of the molecules are the example of endocytosis. · Food intake amoebas	Release of the hormone in our body is example of the exocytosis process.

Similarities between Endocytosis and Exocytosis:

· Endocytosis and the exocytosis both processes are the types of the vesicular transport.

· Endocytosis and exocytosis both processes are the active transportation. Both Process endocytosis and exocytosis require the energy to complete the process.

· Plasma membrane are involved in both endocytosis and exocytosis.

Related Post:

Vesicular transport

Vesicular transports: Definition, classification (Endocytosis and Exocytosis), Basic and types

Definition:

Vesicular transport is cellular transport happen in cells for the movement of the material in form of vesicles.

Basic of Vesicular transport:

Vesicular transport happens in cellular level. Solid or liquid both types of material can be transfer across the cell by the vesicular transport. By the vesicular transport material can transfer from outer side to inner side and the inner side to outer side of the cell. (Intracellular fluid to extra cellular fluid and the Extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid.)

Solid particles and the liquid particle can transfer across the cell by the vesicular transport

Vesicular transport is the types of the active transport. Active transport mean Energy is required for movement of the Transport.

Solid and liquid particles are available into the intracellular and the extracellular fluid it has to transport across the cell membrane for the different purpose. The solid or liquid particle attached to the plasma membrane. Plasma membrane engulf the liquid or solid particle and form the vesicle, the vesicle moves through the cell and reach to the location. The movement may be the out-side cell to the inside the cell or the inside the cell to out side the cell.

Depend on the direction of the vesicular transport there is the types of the vesicular transport.

Types of vesicular transport:

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis:

Endocytosis is the type of the vesicular transport in which the material transfer to the outside the cell to inside the cell. (extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid.)

Example: amebae protozoal animal gets nutrition by the endocytosis vesicular transport.

Our immune system is work on basis of the endocytosis vesicular transport.

Endocytosis is classified into following category:

Pinocytosis: Mean cell drinking

Phagocytosis: mean cell eating

Receptor mediated endocytosis: specific receptor mediated vesicular transport

For more details refer article endocytosis and the exocytosis.

Exocytosis:

Exocytosis is the types of the vesicular transport in which the material transfer to the inside the cells to outside the cell (intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.)

Example: different neurotransmitters are transmitted by the exocytosis vesicular transport mechanism in our body.

Difference between Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

The main difference between aerobic respiration and aerobic respiration is presence of oxygen.

Before we jump on the Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration we will understand what is the respiration.

Respiration is the cellular process which take place in living organism to generate the energy.

There are two types of the respiration occur in living organism

Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

As we discussed the main difference between the Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration is the presence of the oxygen In Aerobic respiration: there is exchange of gases while in Anaerobic respiration there is no exchange of gases not involved.

Aerobic respiration	Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic mean presence of Air. The respiration take place in presence of Oxygen is known as the Aerobic respiration.	Anaerobic means absence of Air. The respiration process take place in absence of air is known as the Anaerobic respiration.
There is exchange of the gas happen in the process.	No exchange of gases occur during the Anaerobic respiration.
The process produce the energy, the carbon dioxide and water.	The process produce the carbon dioxide energy and the ethyl alcohol.
Aerobic respiration generate more energy than the anaerobic respiration. It produce 38 ATPS energy per one glucose molecule break down.	Anaerobic respiration generate less energy. It Produce 2 ATPs energy per one glucose molecule break down
Complete oxidation of glucose (Carbohydrate) is happen in the Aerobic respiration.	Incomplete oxidation of glucose (Carbohydrate) is happen in the Aerobic respiration.
Formula : Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy	Formula: Glucose = Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
Aerobic respiration take place into the mitochondria and cytoplasm.	Anaerobic respiration take place into cytoplasm only.
The aerobic respiration occurs in Plant, Animal, human.	The anaerobic respiration occur in microorganism and the muscle.
Aerobic respiration occur only inside the cell	Anaerobic respiration occur also occur inside and outside the cell.
Energy generation in human body and animal are the best example of the Aerobic respiration.	Fermentation and respiration in muscle during exercise are the best example of the anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration is nontoxic for the organism	Anaerobic respiration is toxic for the organism.

Similarities in Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration:

Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both are the process which produce the energy in the living organism. But the quantity of energy generation is different in both

Glucose are the common ingredient in both process due to the breakdown of the glucose molecule there is generation of energy in both respiration.

Uses of chromatography

Different types of chromatography technique available according the requirement and the principle chromatography technique used.

Chromatography have vast area of the use in different industry.

Used in pharmaceutical industry:

Detection of impurity and unknown compound into the mixture during the process development and analytical method development

Identify compound from the mixture or the dosage form (Tablets, Capsule)

To perform assay ad purity test of the product

To perform the organic volatile impurities into the mixture. Gas chromatography is used for the residual solvent test

For extraction purpose

Separation of the chiral compound from the mixture is the most widely used of the chromatography technique.

To purify the water for manufacturing process Chromatography is used. Cation anion exchange chromatography is used for Water purification system.

Check the quality of the drinking water air

Used in phytochemistry:

Phytochemistry is the origin of chromatography. chromatography was first developed by the Russian botanist Mikhail in 1903. In a column of calcium carbonate, a colorful separation of plant pigments was produced by him. Chromatography has since developed into an invaluable laboratory tool for the separation and identification of compounds.

Chromatography is used to obtain the pure compound from the plant. Column chromatography is used to isolation of the compound. TLC technique is used to identify the compound.

Used in food industry:

Now a day chromatography is one of the preferable techniques for testing of food in industry.

Chromatography technique also used in food industry in various way

To identify the additive into the food different types of the chromatography technique is used

One of the most common use of the chromatography is to find out the food spoilage

Detection of the nutrition of the food, Many types of amino acid, flavonoids, alkaloids, protein, organic acid, Vitamins, mineral etc.

Also used in liquor and alcohol testing industry to check the quality of the product

Used in polymer Industry:

Polymer Synthesis

To separate out the polymer based on the size

Forensic testing

HPLC in figure print and bioinformatics.

Gas chromatography is used to determination the alcohol and drugs level in someone body

In Biotechnology:

Separation and the purification of biological compound Separation of different compound of the blood.

Purification of the insulin is the example of using the chromatography

Plasma purification

Enzyme separation

Molecular biology research and the DNA

Environmental Industry

Effluent monitoring chromatography technique is used

In detection of small amount of the contaminants and the oil droplets pollutant different chromatography technique is used.

Most widely used in environmental research laboratory for the detection of the pollutant

In Vaccination:

Ebolla immunization.

There are different types of chromatography. According to the types of the chromatography there are different use of the chromatography.

Example:

Paper Chromatography

Paper chromatography is used for the identify the basic compound from the mixture the first use of the chromatography technique is separation of pigmentation from the plant extraction.

HPLC (High performance chromatography)

Ion exchange chromatography

Ion exchange chromatography are most widely used in purification of the water for the pharmaceutical industry. Ion exchange chromatography also used to monitor the fermentation process.

Size exclusion chromatography

As name suggested Size exclusion chromatography is used for the separation and purification of molecule depend on the size. To separate and purify the biological compound size exclusion chromatography is used.

Size exclusion chromatography is also used in separation of the molecular of the different size

Gas chromatography:

Gas chromatography is generally used for detection of volatile compound or the compound which can convert into their volatile form.

Related Post

Chromatography: History, Definition and How it Works

Stationary Phase in Chromatography

Mobile Phase in Chromatography

Thin Layer Experiment Procedure

Thin Layer Chromatography: Basic, Application, and principle of Thin Layer Chromatography

Paper Chromatography
Elution in Chromatography
Isocratic and Gradient Elution in Chromatography

Clean room classification (ISO 14644-1 Cleanroom Standards)

Clean room and the classification of clean room are the most critical topic of the pharmaceutical industry. For the manufacturing of the pharmaceuticals products (Active pharmaceutical ingredients, Tablets, capsules, sterile dosage form) cleanroom room area is required .According to the types of the product manufacturer has to maintain the clean room area.

What is clean room Area?

Cleanroom is the controlled area where the specified size of the airborne particles are allowed with required pressure humidity and temperature to prevent the cross contamination and the microbial contamination.

Here, we are talking about the control environment control means prevention of dust, prevention of the entry of larger particle, (Only specified particle sized entry is possible into the clean room. The size of the particle is mentioned in the guideline). There are the different guidelines available which explains about the requirement for the clean room area in pharmaceutical industry.

Guideline for the Clean Room Classification:

There are so many guidelines which explain the cleanroom classification. Now a day the other guidelines are obsoleted. ISO 14644 is the guideline which is the standard guideline followed for the clean room classification and qualification

ISO 14644 is a guideline which defines the cleanroom classification. According to the 14664 guideline cleanroom can be classified into following classes. As per the ISO guideline the clean rooms are classified as ISO 1 to ISO 9 class.

Generally form ISO 5 area to ISO 9 is used in pharmaceutical industry. Example: For the manufacturing of the sterile product ISO 5 area is required.

Particle size range 0.3 µ, 0.5 µ, 1.0 µ, 3.0 µ, 5.0 µ, 10.0 µ. Reading shall be taken for 0.5 V µ and 5.0 V µ particle size.

US Federal Standard FED STD 209E guideline was used for the classification of the clean room according to the FED STD 209 clean room are classified as class 1, class 10, class 100, class 1000.class 10000 class 100000 which equivalent to the class following ISO class Comparison is mentioned in below table

Currently ED STD 209 E guide line is not used as FED released the notation of cancellation and superseded for ED STD 209 E, airborne particulate cleanliness classes in cleanroom and cleans zones in 2001.The guideline was superseded by standard written for the International organization for the standardization.

British standard BS 5295 guideline was used for the clean room classification According to the guideline clean room classified as the class1, class 2, class 3, and class 4. BS 5295 is British guideline which has been also obsoleted and withdraws from the year 2007 and replaced with ISO 14644-6:2007.

Class	maximum particles/m3						FED STD 209E equivalent
Class	>=0.1 µm	>=0.2 µm	>=0.3 µm	>=0.5 µm	>=1 µm	>=5 µm	FED STD 209E equivalent
ISO 1	10	2
ISO 2	100	24	10	4
ISO 3	1,000	237	102	35	8		Class 1
ISO 4	10,000	2,370	1,020	352	83		Class 10
ISO 5	100,000	23,700	10,200	3,520	832	29	Class 100
ISO 6	1,000,000	237,000	102,000	35,200	8,320	293	Class 1,000
ISO 7				352,000	83,200	2,930	Class 10,000
ISO 8				3,520,000	832,000	29,300	Class 100,000
ISO 9				35,200,000	8,320,000	293,000	Room Air

BS 5295 Cleanroom Standards

	maximum particles/m³
Class	>=0.5 µm	>=1 µm	>=5 µm	>=10 µm	>=25 µm
Class 1	3,000		0	0	0
Class 2	300,000		2,000	30
Class 3		1,000,000	20,000	4,000	300
Class 4			20,000	40,000	4,000

Requirement of the Clean room in to the pharmaceutical industry:

Cleanroom classification is required in pharmaceutical industry to prevent the microbial contamination in to the manufacturing area.

In pharmaceutical Industry airborne particle may adversely affect the product quality hence to control the airborne particle into the manufacturing area. In Cleanroom area only specified airborne particle is allowed.

Prevent the dust particle entry into the manufacturing area.

Prevent the microbial contamination in the product.